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Concrete mix design web
Calculator for Nominal Design of Concrete Mix for different proportions of cement and aggregates.(SI units)
Concrete Mix Design
This calculator is useful for nominal design of concrete mix of different proportions M25 (1:1:2), M20 (1:1.5:3), M15 (1:2:4), M10 (1:3:6), M7.5 (1:4:8). You can get the dry amount of ingredients (cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate) of concrete as well as the amount of water needed to produce concrete of desired workability. For example M15 corresponds to a Mix for Concrete with characteristic compressive strength of 15 MPa (15 N/mm2) and the mix proportion 1:2:4 concrete means 1 part of cement mixed with 2 parts of fine aggregate (sand) and 4 parts of coarse aggregat (stone pieces). Water is essential for producing concrete. The water to cement ratio is generally selected in the range of 0.4 to 0.6 depending on required workability. Desnsity of cement is taken as 1440 kg/m3. It is assumed that dry volume of concrete = 1.54 times the wet volume of concrete. This calculator gives the dry volume of agggregates. If you want to determine the weight of aggregates just multiply the dry volume by the bulk density of aggregate. This calculator is based on the guidelines of IS codes.
Please enter the volume of wet concrete to be produced and select the desired concrete grade with appropriate water to cement ratio in the form given below and start calculations.
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Friday, March 3, 2023
The engine
The engine is the heart of your car. It is a complex machine built to convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the road wheels.
The chain of reactions which achieve that objective is set in motion by a spark , which ignites a mixture of petrol vapour and compressed air inside a momentarily sealed cylinder and causes it to burn rapidly. That is why the machine is called an internal combustion engine . As the mixture burns it expands, providing power to drive the car.
To withstand its heavy workload, the engine must be a robust structure. It consists of two basic parts: the lower, heavier section is the cylinder block, a casing for the engine's main moving parts; the detachable upper cover is the cylinder head .
The cylinder head contains valve-controlled passages through which the air and fuel mixture enters the cylinders, and others through which the gases produced by their combustion are expelled.
The block houses the crankshaft , which converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion at the crankshaft. Often the block also houses the camshaft , which operates mechanisms that open and close the valves in the cylinder head. Sometimes the camshaft is in the head or mounted above it.
Different engine layouts
In-line engine
The simplest and most common type of engine comprises four vertical cylinders close together in a row. This is known as an in-line engine . Cars with capacities exceeding 2,000cc often have six cylinders in line.
V-8 engine
The more compact V-engine is fitted in some cars, especially vehicles with eight or 12 cylinders, and also some with six cylinders. Here the cylinders are arranged opposite each other at an angle of up to 90 degrees.
Horizontally-opposed engine
Some engines have horizontally opposed cylinders . They are an extension of the V-engine, the angle having been widened to 180 degrees. The advantages lie in saving height and also in certain aspects of balance.
The cylinders in which the pistons operate are cast into the
block, as are mountings for ancillary equipment such as a filter for the oil
which lubricates the engine, and a pump for the fuel. An oil reservoir , called
the sump , is bolted underneath the crankcase .
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